US citizens also had considerable interests in the sugar economy of Cuba and the US saw the island as a strategic place for naval bases. He and Micaela sought a multiethnic and multiclass alliance, recruiting not only Indians but also mestizos, blacks, Creoles, and good Spaniards. The exhausted rebel leaders signed an armistice in early 1783, but hardline royalists broke the treaty and executed Diego Cristbal in even more horrific fashion than Tupac Amaru and Micaela Bastidas. The internalist-externalist debate is of major significance in any attempt to assess the impact of the American Revolution on Latin America. The American Revolution, which began in 1776, came first. Everything you need for your studies in one place. The Latin American Revolutions led to popular sovereignty in the New World. San Martn now turned his attention to Peru. Agustn de Juregui, virrey del Per. Moreover, the influence of those ideologies was sharply restricted; with few exceptions only small circles of educated, urban elites had access to Enlightenment thought. The role of Haiti in the other Latin American Revolutions is often under recognized, if recognized at all. resentment at the political structure of colonial rule. In places like Argentina, colonies "sort of" declared independence, claiming they would only rule themselves until such time as Charles IV or his son Ferdinand was put back on the Spanish throne. Latin American Revolutions. They form a dialogue with works on the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru or what became Bolivia. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolution, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. Language . Walker, Charles F. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. Its task, however, was formidable. Revolutionaries became heroes in their countries. A Conservative Revolution: Brazil's Leadership Seeks Sovereignty. But the colonies were only allowed to trade with Spain, and at rates advantageous for Spanish merchants. Those who resisted Napoleon in Spain begged the colonials for help but refused to promise to reduce trade restrictions if they won. Fig 5 - Painting depicting Jos de San Martn crossing the Andes Mountains. The other key cause of the Latin American Revolutions was dissatisfaction with the colonial order, in particular how it placed the colonies as subservient to the colonial power. That concession divided and weakened loyalist opposition to independence in the Americas. This will have severe consequences for the masses of Bolivia. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Below them were people of mixed race, and the indigenous peoples, free people of African descent, and slaves were on the bottom of the social class. Both events drew inspiration from the same philosophical movement, and both events produced significant changes. Causes of the Latin American Revolution. These were people of pure-blood Spanish descent that were born in the colonies. In the Spanish colonies, the society was made up of distinctive social classes. Score 1 User: What economic impact did World War I have on Latin America Weegy: It decreased overall trade with Latin American countries. 9.1 North America 9.2 Europe 9.3 Asia-Pacific 9.4 Latin America 9.5 Middle East and Africa 10 Future Forecast of the Global Business-Outcome-Driven Enterprise Architecture Consulting Software . Chichester, UK: Blackwell, 2008. Cuba was given independence, but with limits on its sovereignty that helped contribute to the Cuban Revolution decades later. As British settlers began to colonize . Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwall is Professor of History at California State University - San Marcos and a specialist in French and Haitian history.In addition to The Abb Grgoire and the French Revolution, her books include Haitian History: New Perspectives (Routledge, 2012) and Slave Revolt on Screen: The Haitian Revolution in Film and Video Games (University Press of Mississippi, 2021). Fisher 1966 provided a concise overview while Elmore 2008, Serulnikov 2013, and Walker 2014 present broader interpretations. Why did the Creoles lead the Latin American revolution? A digital collection of Latin American travel accounts written in the 16th-19th centuries. The Spread of Revolution The Latin American Wars of Independence, which took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, were deeply influenced by the American and French Revolutions and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. He at first reasserted himself as an absolute monarch. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Primary Accounts of the Rebellion and the Period, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Native Presence in Postconquest Central Peru. Minster, Christopher. Continued division between factions favoring centralist and federalist systems of government eventually led to the break-up of Gran Colombia in 1830 into the three separate states of Ecuador, New Granada (later renamed Colombia), and Venezuela. After initial victories there, the forces from Buenos Aires retreated, leaving the battle in the hands of local Creole, mestizo, and Indian guerrillas. Born argues that even while the United States is on the declineas shown by the rise of the Pink . His overthrow of the Spanish monarchy in Spain led to the Spanish-controlled colonies being ruled by . He replaced Charles IV with his own brother,Joseph Bonaparte. San Martn declared the creation of an independent Peru in July 1821. As late as 1808, Spain's New World Empire stretched from parts of the present-day western U.S. to Tierra del Fuego in South America, from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Some Spanish officials must have realized this and so the decision was taken to squeeze the utmost out of the colonial system before it collapsed. After establishing naval dominance in the region, the southern movement made its way northward. The independence of Latin America from Spain was a foregone conclusion as soon as the creoles began thinking of themselves as Americans and the Spaniards as something different from them. Presented by Brown University. Leading essays by an international group of scholars on topics ranging from ideology to policy that remain at the analytical forefront in terms of the causes and repercussions of the uprising. By the end of the eighteenth century, the visiting Prussian scientist Alexander Von Humboldt (17691859) noted that the locals preferred to be called Americans rather than Spaniards. San Martn came to Argentina in 1812 and joined the independence forces. What is Latin American revolution? On September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo raised the banner of the Latin American revolution when he issued his Grito de Dolores, calling for revolt in the small town of Dolores. After difficult conquests of their home regions, the two movements spread the cause of independence through other territories, finally meeting on the central Pacific coast. Jacques Dessalines, a lieutenant of Louveture took up the fight and declared the full independence of Haiti on January 1, 1804. The revolution began with a failed assault on Cuban military . With the support of Haiti, he returned to his native Venezuela to attempt to free it. Horror in Literature and Film in Latin America. The Portuguese royal family had moved to Brazil when Portugal was invaded by Napoleon, and the colony was elevated to an equal status of Portugal. Many independence leaders were executed. This set off a political crisis in the Spanish colonies. Serulnikov, Sergio. Contemporary Latin American Revolutions Related Books. Copy. Below them were the Creoles, or criollos in Spanish. The main thrust of the southern independence forces met much greater success on the Pacific coast. The colony had one of the largest populations of slaves, which comprised approximately 90% of the population, and a deeply racist social hierarchy. Many supporters of the crown now had doubts about the monarchy for which they were fighting. All the leaders were jailed in Spain. What happened in the Latin American revolution? For example, it was much easier for the Americans to gain independence than the Latin Americans because of the unity they manage to take and keep despite the discontent each colonist had against each other . Centered in southern Peru, from Cuzco to Lake Titicaca, it also allied with the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru (Bolivia). The United Provinces later changed their name to Argentina. American Revolution, also called United States War of Independence or American Revolutionary War, (1775-83), insurrection by which 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. Both Latin American revolutions and the American revolution were different in term of cause and the result it brought with it. These more recent overviews build on the wave of studies and published primary sources that have appeared since the late 1960s. Colony vs. Country. The final liberation of Peru was achieved by an army led by Simn Bolvar. The Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges, The Latin American Revolutions causes included the division between Creoles and. The short-term effects of the American Revolution included a recession in the former colonies and a number of international revolutions. A sophisticated and useful overview (translated from Spanish, Revolucin en los andes: La era de Tpac Amaru, 2012), with a foreword by Charles F. Walker. He led an army that conquered some areas of south and central Mexico but failed to take Mexico City before he was captured and executed. A series of independence movements in the Americas in the late 1700s and early 1800s are sparked by the Enlightenment and conflict in Europe. When Napoleon turned on his Spanish allies in 1808, events took a disastrous turn for Spain and its dominion in the Americas. Transforming these early initiatives into a break with Spanish control required tremendous sacrifice. See answer (1) Best Answer. The Mexican Revolution began as a movement of middle-class protest against the long-standing dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911). American Revolution contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in America between 1763 and 1789. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. . While the Spanish had at first been Napoleon's ally, in 1808, he turned on them and removed King Fernando VII, replacing him with his brother. George Washington sent troops and supplies to help the revolutions get started. In Haiti, Jacques Dessalines, who declared the country independent, faced internal opposition to his rule. The new report by Informes de Expertos titled, ' Latin America Artificial Intelligence Market 2023-2028', gives an in-depth analysis of the key success factors and constraints in the market . Its 100% free. Of course, the major long term outcome of these revolutions was the creation of a number of independent nations in Latin America. Read More. The colony known as Rio de Plata was composed of the modern-day countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, followed a similar pattern to New Granada. Tupac Amaru returned from the Lake Titicaca in late 1780 to lay siege to the city of Cuzco, Perus second-largest city and still considered the by many to be the Inca capital. Although he surrounded Cuzco with tens of thousands of troops, the rebels could not take the city. While Spain was racially "pure" in the sense that the Moors, Jews, Romani people, and other ethnic groups had been kicked out centuries before, the New World populations were a diverse mixture of Europeans, Indigenous people (some of whom were enslaved), and enslaved Black people. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Bolvar called for the abolition of slavery in 1816, later acknowledging that the people in his home region were a mix of hues and backgrounds. An early radical liberal government dominated by Mariano Moreno gave way to a series of triumvirates and supreme directors. The viceroy of Peru managed to keep control over Chile, Peru, and Bolivia for the moment, although it faced resistance from local rebellions and expeditions from Buenos Aires. After his father's return to Portugal, he was named regent in Brazil. Minster, Christopher. The following information will explain the two revolutions and how their actions created such a monumental change. encompasses most of Central and South America and parts of the Caribbean. With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, Creoles and peninsulars began to jockey for power across Spanish America. Haiti, a French slave colony, was . Which general invaded and freed Chile and much of Peru? He focused on the years 1776, 1789, 1804. The rebellion began in November 1780 when Tupac Amaru seized and executed a local authority, the corregidor Antonio Arriaga. They were both different yet similar in multiple ways. Contemporary Indigenous Film and Video Production, Contemporary Indigenous Social and Political Thought, Dependency Theory in Latin American History, Development of Architecture in New Spain, 15001810, The, Development of Painting in Peru, 15201820, The, Dutch in South America and the Caribbean, The. In addition, revolts inspired by Tupac Amaru took place in what became Argentina, Chile, and Colombia. Iturbide captured Mexico City on September 27, 1821 and was made the emperor of Mexico. However, the revolutions had less positive impacts. Expert Answers. Fig 1 - Map showing the years different colonies achieved independence in Latin America. . of the users don't pass the Latin American Revolution quiz! The Charleston move is part of a broader British strategy to hang on to the southern colonies, at least, now that the war is stalemated in Pennsylvania and New York. Tupac Amaru organized his indigenous followers and attacked other corregidors, ransacked haciendas, and razed the hated obrajes, or textile mills. Haiti and Latin America share many similarities including their revolutions. 12, 2021, thoughtco.com/latin-america-causes-of-independence-2136120. They drafted the Plan of Iguala. The outcome was a significant realignment of relations between elites and their social inferiors at the state level. Ultimately, he opted to fight for independence to establish his own empire under his sole control. The differences can be recognized by analyzing how the common inspiration led to the production of diverse outcomes within the countries of France and America. The war also initiated a broader discussion of the morality of slavery. However, the effects of the Revolutionary War go far beyond simply removing British control of the Thirteen Colonies: the War and related documents and decisions would have worldwide impacts. In conclusion, the Latin American Revolutions achieved independence but left complicated legacies and created dynamics that still influence events in the region today. However, Napoleon, after gaining power in France, sought to reestablish firm French control over the island and had Louveture captured and imprisoned, leading to renewed fighting on the island. He served as president of the union known as Gran Colombia. Among them was Agustn de Iturbide, who decided to instead support independence as a way to preserve the conservative, colonial era order. After three months of intense fighting, they captured Tupac Amaru, Micaela Bastidas, and much of their inner circle in April 1781, executing them in a gruesome public ritual in Cuzcos central plaza on 17 May. The peninsulares gave the people of Latin America permission to revolt. . Its implementation of Enlightenment ideas inspired them, and the French occupation of Spain and Portugal led to self-government in the colonies. 'Plucked.' An American Cartoon On The Outcome Of The War With Mexico. Crime and Punishment in Industrial Britain, Advantages of North and South in Civil War, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Civil War Military Strategies of North and South, Environmental Effects of The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans in the Revolutionary War, Country or Countries Where They Contributed to Independence. This includes revolutions that will lead to the United States, Haiti, Mexico, Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Bolivia, Peru, Equador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina. These contributions broadened the analysis, incorporating more theoretical and comparative approaches. A junta was declared in Buenos Aires in 1810, in what is called the May Revolution. Without denouncing Ferdinand, Creoles throughout most of the region were moving toward the establishment of their own autonomous governments. The Cuban Revolution was an armed uprising led by Fidel Castro that eventually toppled the brutal dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. The revolutionary hero Simon Bolivar is a good example, as he was born in Caracas to a well-to-do Creole family that had lived in Venezuela for four generations, but as a rule, did not intermarry with the locals. Over the next decade and a half, Spanish Americans had to defend with arms their movement toward independence. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion raged across the Andes from 1780 to 1783. The main Latin American Revolution effects were the establishment of independent nation states in most of Central and South America. Create and find flashcards in record time. In 1810 a Cortes (Parliament) emerged in Cdiz to represent both Spain and Spanish America. Buenos Aires achieved similarly mixed results in other neighbouring regions, losing control of many while spreading independence from Spain. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on Central authority proved unstable in the capital city of Buenos Aires. Lewin, Boleslao. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. The desire for independence was fueled by dissatisfaction among elites born in the colonies with the political control of Spanish-born officials. The undesired outcomes of the Paraguay and Upper Peru campaigns . The Spanish political tradition centred on the figure of the monarch, yet, with Charles and Ferdinand removed from the scene, the hub of all political authority was missing. Have all your study materials in one place. Economic effect of the latin american revolution. Markham 1892 is a highly readable account. However, by the late 1700s, the creole population made up most of the wealthy landowners and merchants in the colonies. Jos Gabriel Condorcanqui was a kuraka or ethnic intermediary in three small towns sixty miles south of Cuzco and a merchant who worked the Cuzco to Potos circuit. Mexico became a republic. The Haitian and Mexican revolutions are moderately similar in that they fought for independence with multiple leaders, slavery was abolished in both; however, Haiti experienced debt and Mexico resulted in little social change. In Brazil, independence was led by elites similar to what occurred in the Spanish colonies, but in Haiti, it was led by slaves, who successfully established the first republic led by people of African descent. The "dark side" of the revolutions was that they were fought, in part, to maintain a racist status quo in the colonies freed of Spanish liberalism. LARRP is a consortium of research libraries that seeks to increase free and open access to information in support of learning and scholarship in Latin American Studies. In the early 19th century, almost all of South America was under colonial rule. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. However, a liberal revolution in Portugal in 1822 challenged the rule of Portuguese King Dom Joo and forced him to set up a constitutional monarchy. In 1895, independence supporters launched another war for independence, one that had become particularly brutal by 1898. Minster, Christopher. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. Spain discriminated against the Creoles, appointing mostly new Spanish immigrants to important positions in the colonial administration. The outcomes were different . Which independence leaders was a European monarch? In addition to Cuba, the Spanish-American War also netted the US Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. In Brazil and Haiti, circumstances were slightly different but had similar causes of dissatisfaction with the political control of the ruling power. However, Fernando was forced to implement liberal reforms, including a constitutional monarchy in Spain in 1820. Joo was forced to return to Portugal and left his son Dom Pedro as the prince and ruler of Brazil. The answer is long and complicated, but here are some of the essential causes of the Latin American Revolution. He declared Brazil an independent with himself as its emperor in 1822. These social revolutions entailed a substantial, violent, and voluntarist struggle for political power and the overthrow of the established . Ancien Regime, Enlightenment, French Revolution, American Revolution, Latin Wars for Independence study guide on word doc micah but thou, bethlehem ephratah, Skip to document. French troops invaded countries such as Spain and the Holy Roman Empire; the latter ceased to exist as a result of French occupation. Two things that happened as a result of the Latin American revolutions include the second and third options.. What happened as a result of the Latin American revolutions? Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Meanwhile, for the largely disadvantaged peoples of mixed race as well as the indigenous and free peoples of African descent, desires for legal equality prompted many to join the cause of independence once the Latin American Revolutions got underway. Having had a taste of freedom during their political and economic isolation from the mother country, Spanish Americans did not easily consent to a reduction of their power and autonomy. The Tupamaro (Uruguay) and MRTA (Peru) guerrilla groups as well as the rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur are named after him. A highly readable account by the 19th-century English geographer and explorer Clements Markham. The Napoleonic Wars began in 1803 and ended in 1815. The impact of Enlightenment ideas. From the late 1940s to the 1960s, the Polish Argentine Boleslao Lewin, a Jewish refugee of Hitlers Europe, wrote profound and sympathetic accounts. Tired of the waffling of Charles IV and Spain's inconsistency as an ally, Napoleon invaded in 1808 and quickly conquered not only Spain but Portugal as well. By that time, Spain was between a rock and a hard place: The creoles clamored for positions of influence in the colonial bureaucracy and for freer trade. By 1826, nearly all the Spanish colonies of the Americas had achieved independence. The independence of Latin America from Spain was a foregone conclusion as soon as the creoles began thinking of themselves as Americans and the Spaniards as something different from them. The American President, James Monroe, however supported these new nations and independence movements and warned . In the American Revolution, the colonist leaders obeyed the will of the citizens, not vice versa. . The Tupac Amaru Rebellion raged across the Andes from 1780 to 1783. Many Creoles (those of Spanish parentage but who were born in America) felt Bourbon policy to be an unfair attack on their wealth, political power, and social status. Independence in the former Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata, however, encountered grave difficulties in the years after 1810. It registered four "great revolutions": Mexico 1910, Bolivia 1952, Cuba 1959, and Nicaragua 1979. The Latin American region witnessed various revolutions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The reforms imposed by the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century provoked great instability in the relations between the rulers and their colonial subjects in the Americas. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014. Leaders in Latin America tended to shy away from the more socially radical European doctrines. What two island colonies did not get independence around the same time as the rest of Spanish America? Colombia, Venezuela, Ecaudor, and Panama. Other revolutions were not as positive. These differences were cultural and often a source of great pride among Creole families and regions. Other . Bolvar continued by freeing the areas of Venezuela and Ecuador still under royalist control, doing so by 1822. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. A look at Born's speeches and writings sheds light on the tight connection between the prioritization of anti-imperialism and support for the Pink Tide, as perceived by a leading representative of the anti-imperialist Latin American left. Fig 4 - Simn Bolvar, a creole and eventual independence leader. Centered in southern Peru, from Cuzco to Lake Titicaca, it also allied with the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru (Bolivia). The Latin American revolution as well as the Haitian revolution were led to gain independence from the colonial power of France, Spain, and Portugal. Simn Bolvar, who had emerged as an important military leader, fled to exile in Jamaica and Haiti. He then joined with Bolvar to defeat royalist forces in Peru. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Still, these ideas were not, strictly speaking, causes of independence. At the top were the Peninsulares, people born in Spain. Some were a positive influence: The American Revolution (17651783) was seen by many in South America as a good example of elite leaders of colonies throwing off European rule and replacing it with a more fair and democratic societylater, some constitutions of new republics borrowed heavily from the U.S. Constitution. Select the country that gained its independence from Portugal. Meanwhile, fears that Cuba's large slave population would make it a second Haiti also influenced the lack of support for independence among criollo elites there. Perhaps the most important immediate consequence of declaring independence was the creation of state constitutions in 1776 and 1777. ThoughtCo. This half-measure was much more palatable to those who did not want to declare independence outright. He led an army that included many mestizos and indigenous peoples against royalist forces but was captured in March 1811 and executed in June. Cartoon, 1847. This caused resentment within the privileged classes. Like many of Mexico's 19th-century rulers, Diaz was an army officer who had come to power by a coup. Which best describes why creoles resented the colonial political structure? Of all of the factors listed above, the most important is probablyNapoleon's invasion of Spain. The struggles that produced independence in the south began even before Napoleons invasion of Portugal and Spain. Legal History of the State and Church in 18th Century New Mestizaje and the Legacy of Jos Mara Arguedas, Military Government in Latin America, 19591990, Military Institution in Colonial Latin America, The, Modern Decorative Arts and Design, 19002000, Natural Disasters in Early Modern Latin America. Resentment at being excluded from the highest rungs of government was a key cause of Creole resentment, and some began to call for independence. Resentment at French rule prompted many Spanish colonies to declare autonomous juntas, or councils, that ruled in the name of Fernando. The extensive Spanish colonies in North, Central and South America (which included half of South America, present-day Mexico, Florida, islands in the Caribbean and the southwestern United States) declared independence from Spanish rule in the early nineteenth century and by the turn of the twentieth century, the hundreds of years of the Spanish . When the Spanish crown entered into an alliance with France in 1795, it set off a series of developments that opened up economic and political distance between the Iberian countries and their American colonies. In 1810, juntas claiming to be acting in Fernando's name were established, most notably in Santa F de Bogot and Caracas. Well educated and bilingual (Spanish and Quechua), he claimed lineage from the Incas, thus the Tupac Amaru (e.g., Tupa or Tpac, Amaro) name. The rebellion became more of a caste or total war as neither side took prisoners. From the north came the movement led most famously by Simn Bolvar, a dynamic figure known as the Liberator. Having benefited from colonial monopolies and fearful of the kind of social violence that the late 18th-century revolt had threatened, many Peruvian Creoles were not anxious to break with Spain. In 1822, he declared himself emperor of an independent Empire of Brazil and led forces that fought the Portuguese military for full independence. Yet the Creoles who participated in the new Cortes were denied equal representation. Napoleon caused revolutions in Latin America indirectly.