Land Degradation in Ethiopia: Causes, Impacts and - IISTE Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture - ECHEMI The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. Extent, Distribution, and Causes of Soil Acidity under Subsistence Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. This site contains PDF documents. Productivity and technology. Factors affecting crop prodution in Ethiopia - Academia.edu With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Agricultural sample survey. Volume II, Report on livestock and It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. The Mengistu regime encouraged fruit and vegetable production. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. Brighter Green, 6. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. Land use function 2 2.2. Ethiopia - Socioeconomic Survey 2013-2014 - World Bank Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. (2013). Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. Challenges and prospects of agricultural production and productivity - GRIN The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. There also was concern that villagization could have a negative impact on fragile local resources, accelerate the spread of communicable diseases, and increase problems with plant pests and diseases. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. This article is the second in a series that seek to examine the role of agriculture as a developmental opportunity for Africa. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Trade. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. Kassaye Tolassa . Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Agriculture | Free Full-Text | The Role of Smallholder Farming on Rural As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. 2. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. The sector is dominated by small scale farmers that - Course Hero The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Phenotypic Characterization and Reproductive Performance of Blackhead The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. Social and ecological system dynamics : characteristics, trends, and areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Section D. [7], President Mengistu's 1990 decision to allow free movement of goods, to lift price controls, and to provide farmers with security of tenure was designed to reverse the decline in Ethiopia's agricultural sector. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. 133 8.5.2. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Section D. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. This can be attributed to two factors. Climate change and specialty coffee potential in Ethiopia In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. 2. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture - ResearchGate The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. Agriculture. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. J. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Agriculture - Ethiopian Statistics Service Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. PDF Ethiopian Agriculture: A Dynamic Geographic Perspective Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. 1401 Constitution Ave NW Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner.