.image-candidate-thumbnail-wrapper { color: #888; .multi-survey-header p { padding: 0.5em 1em; .inner_percentage.Libertarian { text-align: center; I was absolutely impressed with his drive and dedication starting this business so as to help provide for both his family as well as others. } color:white; } Republicans currently control six of the state's eight US House seats . Click here to contact us for media inquiries, and please donate here to support our continued expansion. @RepCori Official Website 202-225-2406. padding-left: 0; Two year terms are appropriate. } } Source. Information below was calculated on June 21, 2022, and may differ from information shown in the table above due to candidate replacements and withdrawals after that time. Tech: Matt Latourelle Nathan Bingham Ryan Burch Kirsten Corrao Beth Dellea Travis Eden Tate Kamish Margaret Kearney Eric Lotto Joseph Sanchez. Whose example would you like to follow, and why? font-size: 12px; That all changed when Cori. Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Democratic. } box-sizing: border-box; } } margin: 0 5px; .votebox_legend .non_result_row { @media screen and (max-width: 350px) { 96.5% of the residents in Congressional District 1, MO are U.S. citizens. Cori Bush. letter-spacing: .03em; color: #f0a236; [10], On November 7, 2000, William Lacy Clay won election to the United States House. column-count: auto; width: 40%; .results_row td { .results_table { if (chevron.hasClass('fa-chevron-down')) { } table.census-table { display: table; if (document.getElementById('leg-hnt-content6403a682ee1fd').classList.contains('leg-hnt-hide')) { } Missouri's newest addition to their Congressional delegation is sure to be a big hit with those who adore The Squad. .votebox { } } .race_header { .leg-hnt-section-title { Its current representative is Democrat Cori Bush, who was elected in 2020. Incumbent Cori Bush defeated Steve Roberts, Michael Daniels, Ronald Harshaw, and Earl Childress in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on August 2, 2022. [9], On November 5, 2002, William Lacy Clay won re-election to the United States House. margin: 0; position: relative; There were no incumbents in this race. .race_header { } } text-align: left !important; Robb Cunningham advanced from the Libertarian primary for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on August 7, 2018. position: relative; }. padding-left: 10px; text-align: center !important; max-height: 580px; padding-top: 5px; Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2022. The current 1st Congressional District is 49% Black and 41% white. Withdrawn or disqualified candidates See also:Missouri's 1st Congressional District election, 2020, Missouri's 1st Congressional District election, 2020 (August 4 Republican primary), Missouri's 1st Congressional District election, 2020 (August 4 Democratic primary). A Democratic Party primary will take place on August 6, 2024, in Arizona's 1st Congressional District to determine which Democratic candidate will run in the district's general election on November 5, 2024 . } font-style: italic; .results_row td:first-child { background-color: #334aab; .mw-body #mw-content-text th.votebox-results-cell--text { } top: -5px;

. font-size: 110%; margin-right: 10px; .indicate_scroll { This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC). .leg-infobox-left-col { height: 22px; background-color: #db0000; Source1Source2. } } !function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r { .leg-hnt-section-title { width: 100% font-size: 2em; } Missouri Eighth Congressional District Primary Election Results See all Missouri state results Republican Primary Winner Jason Smith wins the Republican primary. Democratic primary Candidates Nominee. That needs to start with closing the border and continue with funding, training and supporting our police. .leg-hnt-flex-column { } .votebox { Incumbent William Lacy Clay (D) defeated Daniel Elder (R) and Robb E. Cunningham (L) in the general election. padding: 0.5em 0; When a person engages in meaningful work where they have the opportunity to learn and grow their perspective on life changes. margin: 5px auto; Both sitting representatives and candidates for office hear many personal stories from the residents of their district. justify-content: center; The 59 candidates who filed to run this year were the most candidates running for Missouri's U.S. House seats since at least 2014, the earliest year for which we have data. .indicate_scroll { font-size: 20px; The primary elections took place on August 2, 2016. .mw-body #mw-content-text th.votebox-results-cell--text { border-radius: 7px 7px 0 0; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0; display: flex; t. e. The 2000 United States House of Representatives election for the 1st district in Illinois took place on November 7, 2000 to elect a representative from Illinois's 1st congressional district for the 107th United States Congress. .mw-content-ltr td.votebox-results-cell--text, Boundaries shifted in the five large-population counties that were previously split and a new split was introduced in Boone County in central Missouri. flex: 0 0 150px; font-size: 12px; Missouri's 1st Congressional District election, 2022. complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. } margin-bottom: .75em; margin-bottom: 25px; padding-bottom: 8px; display: table; } width: 350px; .census-table-widget { } 8:52 PM EDT, Thu October 13, 2022. Was absentee/mail-in voting available to all voters? This was the first election to take place under new district lines following the 2020 census. LOUIS (AP) Democratic U.S. Rep. Cori Bush is now facing a challenge from a state senator from St. Louis in her bid for reelection in Missouri 's 1st Congressional District. } It includes all of St. Louis City and much of northern St. Louis County, including the cities of Maryland Heights, University City, Ferguson and Florissant. If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, 2% of total votes cast for the office in the last election, or 10,000, whichever is less, **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. What was the voter registration deadline? Missouri's 1st Congressional District election, 2020 (August 4 Democratic primary) Elections in Missouri, 2020 Primary date: Aug. 4 Primary type: Open Registration deadline (s): July 8 Online registration: Yes Same-day registration: No Early voting starts: N/A Absentee/mail voting deadline (s): Aug. 4 (received) Voter ID: Non-photo ID The 1st Congressional District of Missouri held an election for the U.S. House of Representatives on November 6, 2012. justify-content: center; } Elections 2020 See also: Missouri's 1st Congressional District election, 2020. display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 3px; text-align: center; } padding:7px 8px 8px; .census-table-source { background-color: #D9D9D9; function resizeChevron() { Missouri enacted new congressional district boundaries on May 18, 2022, when Gov. max-width: 600px; width: 35px !important; .leg-hnt-flex-item { Incumbent Cori Bush defeated Steve Roberts, Michael Daniels, Ronald Harshaw, and Earl Childress in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on August 2, 2022. width: 50px; margin-bottom: .75em; height: 100%; overflow-x: auto; In 2020, the median property value in Congressional District 1, MO was $117,800, and the homeownership rate was 50.6%. .census-table-census-item { Incumbent William Lacy Clay won re-election in the district. } Operations: Meghann Olshefski Mandy Morris Kelly Rindfleisch Source. display: block; position: absolute; .image-candidate-thumbnail-wrapper .image-candidate-thumbnail { Missouri Party Control: 1992-2022 !function(){"use strict";window.addEventListener("message",(function(e){if(void 0!==e.data["datawrapper-height"]){var t=document.querySelectorAll("iframe");for(var a in e.data["datawrapper-height"])for(var r=0;r div { } } } This section contains campaign finance figures from the Federal Election Commission covering all candidate fundraising and spending in this election. color: #0645ad; .leg-infobox-bold-text { Cori Bush, Steve Roberts primary in 1st District more than simply moderate vs. liberal Grief and resentment hang over the Democratic contest, pitting a first-term Congresswoman against a state senator By: Rebecca Rivas - July 22, 2022 9:00 am }, .expand-all:hover, .collapse-all:hover {cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline;} color: #888; The are benefits and drawbacks with representatives having prior government experience. (August 5, 2020 / JNS) Progressive Cori Bush, who supports the anti-Israel BDS movement, upset longtime Rep. Lacy Clay (D-Mo.) .votebox_bp_logo { .leg-hnt-responsive-columns { [3] Democratic primary [ edit] Candidates [ edit] Nominee [ edit] } .race_header, .results_text, .results_table_container, .votebox_legend { .non_result_row div { margin: 0px 10px; font-size: 12px; } .leg-hnt-border-top { border-radius: 50%; background-color: #dac113; if ($('#vis_xs_indicator').is(':hidden') || typeof VoterInfobyState_Resized!='undefined') { } overflow-x: auto; left: 0px; padding: 15px 15px 5px 15px; } } padding: 2px 0; background-color: #6db24f; } padding-top: 5px; color: #6db24f; } font-style: italic; .leg-hnt-district-container { Read more about race and ethnicity in the census. Is there a story that youve heard that you found particularly touching, memorable, or impactful? background-color: #f4f4f4; text-align: center; 23 (b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this subdivision 24 to the contrary, solely for the purpose of primary and .infobox.infobox-container { height: 56px; padding-top: 5px; The 6-2 vs. 7-1 debate came to a head in February when the conservative caucus began a filibuster that blocked progress not only on the redistricting plan but also on basically every other bill. } Missouri's 1st Congressional District is located in the eastern portion of the state and includes St. Louis City and a part of St. Louis County. letter-spacing: .04em; padding: 2px; } } font-size: 12px; } .indicate_scroll { .results_row { } .leg-hnt-hide { box-sizing: border-box; The development of our workforce isn't limited to college degrees. A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for . Most people in Congressional District 1, MO drove alone to work, and the average commute time was 24.1 minutes. letter-spacing: 0.03em; margin-top: 5px; overflow: hidden; } } .indicate_scroll { break-inside: avoid-column; } This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 27 percentage points more Democratic than the national average. flex: 0 0 150px; vertical-align: top; font-style: italic; font-size: 1.25em; } if (document.getElementById('leg-hnt-content6403a67dcde77').classList.contains('leg-hnt-hide')) { padding-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 16px; .results_table { left: 0px; Policy: Christopher Nelson Caitlin Styrsky Molly Byrne Katharine Frey Jimmy McAllister Samuel Postell They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. width: 90%; font-weight: normal !important; .infobox table { "[15] float: right; } .leg-hnt-leadership > div { } break-inside: avoid-column; .question-scroll-container { border: 1px solid #DDDDDD; } Do you believe that compromise is necessary or desirable for policymaking? text-align: center; } font-size: 0.9em; background-color: #f4f4f4; .mw-body #mw-content-text .votebox .race_header h5.votebox-header-election-type { } That's 7.37 candidates per district, more than the five candidates per district in 2020 and the 4.87 in 2018. } This race was featured in The Heart of the Primaries, a newsletter capturing stories related to conflicts within each major party. var nTimer = setInterval(function() { .leg-hnt-flex-item { vertical-align: middle; } This made Missouri's 1st Congressional District the 30th most Democratic nationally. .votebox-covid-disclaimer { text-align: center;

. .outer_percentage { .leg-hnt-toggle-text { .leg-hnt-responsive-columns { There should also be limits as to how many terms an individual should serve. } event.srcElement.innerText = '[hide]'; .votebox { background: #4c4c4c; .leg-infobox-flex-box-row { .results_text { Since the 1960s, two Black congressmen have represented the 1st District in Missouri Rep. Bill Clay and his son, William Lacy Clay Jr., who goes by Lacy Clay. } Both candidates will have white Democratic support, the winner will be the one who can win a substantial majority of the Black Democratic vote. .results_table_container { The Missouri House of Representatives approved the final version of the new congressional districts on May 9, 2022, by a vote of 101-47. font-size: 1.25em; .electionsectionheading { .race_header.democratic { top: -1px; .mw-content-ltr td.votebox-results-cell--text, flex-wrap: wrap; Jazmine Ulloa, reporting from Michigan Aug. 3, 2022. The table below details filing requirements for U.S. House candidates in Missouri in the 2022 election cycle. padding-bottom: 8px; .inner_percentage, .inner_percentage.Nonpartisan, .inner_percentage.Independent, .inner_percentage.Constitution, .inner_percentage.unknown { event.srcElement.innerText = '[show]'; As a veteran, as well as previously serving as a civilian for Army Material Command (Project Manager - Soldier), I have a special interest in giving back to our current service members and veterans. $('.collapse').collapse('show'); SB 707 2 18 maintained a primary residence within the geographic 19 boundaries of such congressional district for the preceding: a.20 Three months for new congressional districts; or, 21 b. Twelve months for established congressional 22 districts. padding:7px 8px 8px; The primary elections took place on August 2, 2016. .leg-infobox pre { Source1Source2. table-layout: fixed; [17], Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. The presidential election data was compiled by Daily Kos. width: 275px; } } } } A better world and country for my three sons. } } } Given the heated and deranged nature of the Republican primary there won't be any Republican crossover. text-align: left !important; The table below displays the historical trifecta status of the state. width: 100%; .mw-body #mw-content-text th.votebox-results-cell--text { height: auto; margin-bottom: .75em; Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years. } max-width: 75px; background-color: #ccc; For more in-depth information on the district's Republican primary and the general election, see the following pages: .votebox { } .infobox td { } This section contains data on U.S. House primary election competitiveness in Missouri. .leg-hnt-responsive-columns { .results_row { } Incumbent William Lacy Clay (D) defeated Steven Bailey (R) and Robb Cunningham (L) in the general election on November 8, 2016. Anthony Rogers defeated Winnie Heartstrong in the Republican primary for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on August 4, 2020. width: 90%; }); .inner_percentage.Republican { width: 50%; Please list below 3 key messages of your campaign. } } flex-direction: column; VoterInfobyState_Timeout_dom = setTimeout(widget_load_check_dom, 500); in the Democratic primary on Tuesday in Missouri's 1st Congressional District.. Bush won 48.9 percent of the vote, while Clay, who has been in Congress since 2001, received 45.5 percent. position: absolute; } color: #fff; .race_header.green { break-inside: avoid-column; event.srcElement.innerText = '[hide]'; The initiatives I see, such as with our Office of Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Accelerator, provides assistance to nascent industry start-ups here in St. Louis so we can thrive as a community. font-size: 70%; This made Missouri's 1st the 27th most Democratic district nationally.[9]. } Representative Peter Meijer has conceded the election to his Trump-backed challenger, John Gibbs, in Michigan's Third Congressional District . Interns wanted: Get paid to help ensure that every voter has unbiased election information. } table.census-table tr { overflow-x: auto; Missouri presidential election results (1900-2020), The table below details demographic data in Missouri and compares it to the broader United States as of 2019. display: inline-block; margin-bottom: -2px !important; document.getElementById('leg-hnt-toggle6403a6809e115').addEventListener('click', event => { display: inline; .mw-body #mw-content-text .votebox .race_header h3.votebox-header-office-name { @media only screen and (min-width: 600px) { font-weight: normal !important; margin-bottom:16px; position: relative; padding: 2px; .census-table-census-item { width: 100% Research: Josh Altic Vojsava Ramaj .leg-hnt-leadership > div { display: inline-block; text-align: center; }); .non_result_row th { font-size: 2em; text-align: center; display: block; } padding:7px 8px 8px; .infobox caption { font-weight: 300; .inner_percentage.Democratic { font-size: 12px; .leg-hnt-flex-item { } document.getElementById('leg-hnt-content6403a67dcde77').classList.remove('leg-hnt-hide'); width: 100%; Missouri's 1st congressional district is in the eastern portion of the state. display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle !important; display: flex; .leg-hnt-section-title { padding: 2px 0; width: 100%; .outer_percentage { Anthony Rogers defeated Winnie Heartstrong in the Republican primary for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on August 4, 2020. Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, Redistricting in Missouri after the 2020 census, Primary election competitiveness in state and federal government, 2022, The Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index, Missouri's 1st Congressional District election, 2020, Missouri's 1st Congressional District election, 2018, Missouri's 1st Congressional District election, 2016, Missouri's 1st Congressional District elections, 2014, Ballot access for major and minor party candidates, Congressional incumbents not running for re-election, Cooperative of American Physicians IE Committee, Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy, https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Missouri%27s_1st_Congressional_District_election,_2022&oldid=8895496, Pages using DynamicPageList parser function, Pages using DynamicPageList dplreplace parser function, Conflicts in school board elections, 2021-2022, Special Congressional elections (2023-2024), 2022 Congressional Competitiveness Report, State Executive Competitiveness Report, 2022, State Legislative Competitiveness Report, 2022, Partisanship in 2022 United States local elections. margin: 3px 0; For information about which offices are nominated via primary election, see this article. Bush had lost the same primary in 2018 by 20 points to Clay. I am personally passionate about creating economic opportunity and wealth to the St. Louis communities that have not had those opportunities previously. width: 100% } } else { Cori Bush defeated Anthony Rogers, Alex Furman, and Martin Baker in the general election for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on November 3, 2020. position: relative; Incumbents are bolded and underlined. overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 5px; Clay won re-election in the November 8 election.[10][11][12]. Incumbent William Lacy Clay defeated Robert Vroman and Robb Cunningham in the general election for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on November 6, 2018. width: 150px; I was 9 years old. text-align: left; Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? } border: 1px solid black !important; } .percentage_number { District 1 [ edit] 2020 Missouri's 1st congressional district election 2018 2022 The 1st district is of the city of St. Louis and much of northern St. Louis County, including Florissant and University City. } } } chevron.removeClass('fa-chevron-down'); font-weight: normal !important; .results_table_container { font-weight: 500; overflow-y: auto; Missouri's 1st Congressional District election, 2022 Candidates and election results Republican primary election Republican primary for U.S. House Missouri District 1 Andrew Jones Jr. defeated Steven Jordan and Laura Mitchell-Riley in the Republican primary for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on August 2, 2022. display: block; We need to foster and support these entrepreneurship efforts at the County, State, and National levels, and especially leverage the supply chain infrastructure we have in St. Louis to create wealth in our communities that did not have those opportunities in the past. column-rule: 1px solid #aaa; document.getElementById('leg-hnt-content6403a682ee1fd').classList.remove('leg-hnt-hide'); margin-bottom: 4px; The following analysis covers all U.S. House districts up for election in Missouri in 2022. } .results_row td { overflow-y: auto; } Missouri First Congressional District Primary Election Results See all Missouri state results Democratic Primary Winner Cori Bush wins the Democratic primary. } padding: 2px 0; .census-table-section-header { .inner_percentage.Green { .non_result_row div { font-size: 80%; Primary election. letter-spacing: .03em; flex: 0 0 175px; background-color: #dac113; .electionsectionheading { font-weight: 200; }

Eight years of Democratic trifectasTen years of Republican trifectas } .inner_percentage.Libertarian { Interns wanted: Get paid to help ensure that every voter has unbiased election information. } color: #6db24f; height: 56px; This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 29 percentage points more Democratic than the national average. } border-top: 1px solid #ccc; .race_header.democratic { .leg-hnt-leadership { } .results_row td:first-child { padding: 2px 0; } George Zsidisin advanced from the Libertarian primary for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on August 2, 2022. } The table below displays the officeholders in Missouri's top four state executive offices as November 2022. margin: 0; display: flex; .panel-body p { } } font-size: 0.9em; } Our workforce is shrinking and people with necessary skills are retiring leaving gaps that can and should be filled with the right investments in our people. color: #fff; The table below details filing requirements for U.S. House candidates in Missouri in the 2022 election cycle. $(this).next('div.vis_widget_table').slideToggle('normal'); if (document.readyState === 'complete') { margin-top: 16px; width: 50%; .votebox_legend { Any edits made by Ballotpedia will be clearly marked with [brackets] for the public. background-color: #ccf; .mw-body #mw-content-text .votebox .race_header h5.votebox-header-election-type { max-width: 600px; As of the 2020 Census, Missouri representatives represented an average of 769,364 residents. } else { } } } My education and work experience is in supply chain management. background-color: #db0000; font-weight: bold; display: none; background-color: #003388; margin-bottom: -2px !important; display: block; margin-bottom: .75em; The primary was scheduled for August 2, 2022. font-size: 16px; position: absolute; letter-spacing: .03em; width: 100% !important; padding-left: 16px; } .inner_percentage.CrossFiled { font-size: inherit; overflow: hidden; He was followed by Rep. Vicky Hartzler at. .leg-hnt-toggle-text { overflow-x: scroll; margin: 0; .race_header.libertarian { What areas of public policy are you personally passionate about? } height: 50px; These lines are subject to veto by the governor. } } .leg-hnt-title { .inner_percentage.CrossFiled { Incumbent Cori Bush defeated Andrew Jones Jr. and George Zsidisin in the general election for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on November 8, 2022. vertical-align: top; } } background-color: #003388; George Zsidisin advanced from the Libertarian primary for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on August 2, 2022. .census-table-header { vertical-align: middle; margin-top: 0; [2] Click here to view the reporting schedule for candidates for U.S. Congress in 2022. Incumbent William Lacy Clay (D) defeated Steven Bailey (R) and Robb Cunningham (L) in the general election on November 8, 2016. z-index:1; background-color: #003388; CNN projects Rep. Cori Bush will be the Democratic nominee in Missouri's 1st District. position: relative; z-index:1; } .census-table-census-item-header { padding-top: 3px; } else { border-collapse: collapse !important; [18], Heading into the 2018 elections, based on results from the 2016 and 2012 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was D+29. background-color: #003388; Senate redistricting commission: The state committee of each major political party nominates 10 members to the commission, for a total of 20 nominees. top: 0px; padding-left: 0; } .race_header.green { Policy: Christopher Nelson Caitlin Styrsky Molly Byrne Katharine Frey Jimmy McAllister Samuel Postell Our opportunity is to elect a leader in congress that will promote St. Louis as a commercial hub, and then bring those opportunities back to St. Louis for creating wealth in the community by specifically supporting minority, women, and veteran-owned small and medium business development and success. font-size: 12px; padding-left: 16px; box-sizing: border-box; } } } } .outer_percentage { }, 100); This made Missouri's 1st the 27th most Democratic district nationally.[9]. .mw-body #mw-content-text .votebox .race_header h5.votebox-header-election-type { } text-align: left !important; .mw-content-ltr td.votebox-results-cell--text, } .race_header.democratic { What are the main points you want voters to remember about your goals for your time in office? align-items: stretch; margin: 8px auto; Ballotpedia features 395,577 encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. Below was the map in use at the time of the election, enacted as part of the 2020 redistricting cycle, compared to the map in place before the election. padding-top: 8px; .non_result_row th { } line-height: 1.5em; Incumbent Cori Bush defeated Steve Roberts, Michael Daniels, Ronald Harshaw, and Earl Childress in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Missouri District 1 on August 2, 2022. } display: block; margin-top: 0px; } if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; .leg-hnt-container { font-style: italic; margin-right: 10px; } } .percentage_number { height: 22px; font-size: 1.25em; Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. padding-right: 0.25em; If you are not a current representative, are there certain committees that you would want to be a part of? } display: flex; display: inline-block; Sen. Steven Roberts Jr., D-St. Louis, said his primary concern was keeping the 1st Congressional District majority-minority. background-color: #6db24f; } line-height: 1.5em; } } There are many. text-align: center; } } top: 2px; margin-top: 16px; font-style: italic; background-color: grey; [16], Two distinct politician commissions are ultimately responsible for state legislative redistricting, one for the Missouri State Senate and another for the Missouri House of Representatives. font-weight: 500; } padding-left: 8px; background-color: #ccc; .results_row td:first-child { Voters nominated Bush to seek reelection for Missouri's 1st . border-top: 1px solid #ccc;